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Heidelberg Materials’ reaction to changes in the law in Hungary received attention this week in the German press. The government introduced its Act on Hungarian Architecture in March 2023 that will enable it to set production levels and prices upon foreign-owned cement producers when the new legislation takes force in July 2023. An unnamed executive at the Germany-based Heidelberg Materials told Der Spiegel that, "These regulations represent a complete violation of all rules of the European single market.” They added that the Hungarian government appeared to be trying to force the producer to sell up. The report further alleges that the owners of Duna-Dráva Cement, Heidelberg Materials and Schwenk Zement, also received an offer to buy them out in mid-2022 from an individual with links to Prime Minister Victor Orbán.

This latest move to corral the cement sector in Hungary follows a number of recent changes in legislation. Notably, Decree 404 was introduced in July 2021. This set a 90% tax on the ‘excess’ profits of cement, plaster, chalk, gravel, sand, clay, lime and gypsum producers with the stated intention of wanting to prevent rising prices. The government set a threshold price for cement of Euro56/t at the time. At the same time it also blocked exports of cement and other raw materials of declared strategic importance unless affected companies had registered with the Ministry of the Interior. The European Commission (EC) responded to a parliamentary question on the matter in November 2021 saying that it had sent a formal letter to Hungary informing it that it was breaching some parts of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (EU) on the free movement of goods. Although it noted that the new law also affected exports outside the EU, which was beyond the EC's remit. It added that the so-called ‘mining royalties’ did not seem to breach EU tax law.

Concerns over these issues between Hungary and Germany also surfaced in October 2022 when Orbán met with the German Chancellor Olaf Scholz. At this time Thomas Spannagl, the head of Schwenk Zement, said that the windfall profit tax in Hungary had a "serious negative" impact on business and that importers were not affected in the same way.

Heidelberg Materials’ subsidiary Duna-Dráva Cement is the largest cement producer by production capacity in Hungary with two integrated plants at Beremend and Vác. Together they have a production capacity of 2.8Mt/yr, according to the Global Cement Directory 2023, or about 70% of the country’s active national capacity. Heidelberg Materials reported that its result from equity accounted investments fell by 27% year-on-year to Euro262m in 2022 from Euro356m in 2023 due to a decline in earnings particularly in China and Hungary. This compares to a 4% drop to Euro3.74bn in its result from current operations before depreciation and amortisation across the whole business. Despite this it also noted that Hungary’s overall economic output had grown by 5% in 2022.

Just before the new laws affecting cement companies starting arriving in mid-July 2021, the Hungarian Competition Authority started an investigation into a “drastic” increase in raw material prices. This followed a warning a year earlier in 2020 that it had started competition supervision proceedings against the three main market participants: Duna-Dráva Cement, Lafarge Cement and CRH. All three are foreign-owned companies.

Lafarge Cement Hungary operates the Kiralyegyháza plant and it is due to change its name to Holcim in May 2023. Its predecessor companies, Holcim and Lafarge, also used to run plants at Hejocsaba and Lábatlan before the merger in 2015. However, the Hejocsaba plant ran into legal problems between Holcim and another investor, shut in 2011 and was later forcibly taken over by the other party in 2014. Today the plant operates as Hejőcsabai Cement- és Mészipari (HCM) but cement production is reportedly yet to restart nearly a decade later and Holcim says that legal proceedings are still ongoing. The Lábatlan plant, meanwhile, closed for good in the early 2010s. CRH took over some of Holcim’s other operations in Hungary in 2015 at the same time as the formation of LafargeHolcim but does not run any cement plants in the country at present. It does own cement plants in nearby countries that are able to supply the Hungarian market as well as running 19 concrete units. It describes itself as the “number two player” in the local market. It wasn’t specific on Hungary in its financial results for 2022 but it did describe sales in its Europe East region as being ahead of 2021, “due to a strong focus on commercial actions to offset significant cost inflation.”

Construction costs in Hungary do appear to have grown faster than other European countries in the second half of 2021 as the country came out of the coronavirus pandemic. However, the country's anti-immigrant labour stance may have also contributed to the situation, in addition to the high-energy prices and supply chain bottlenecks experienced elsewhere. In addition, cement companies are also capable of monopolistic behaviour. For example, Duna-Dráva Cement’s proposed acquisition of Cemex Croatia was blocked by the EC back in 2017 on competition grounds. However, given how international the cement industry has become, it is surprising to see this kind of treatment from a government within the European Union.

Mexico: Vulcan Materials is reportedly preparing to launch new legal action against the government of Mexico. The government supported an alleged illegal entry by Cemex into the company's Punta Venado cement terminal on 14 March 2023. The cement producer is engaged in existing lawsuits against the government for compensation worth a total sum of US$1.9bn. It originally sued the government for US$529m in 2019. Local press has reported that the producer previously filed a subordinate claim to its suit for incursions onto its mining operations in Quintana Roo in mid-2022. The latter supplied limestone to Vulcan Materials' US operations.

Nigeria: Authorities in Seme Customs Area say that Nigeria's exports of cement to Togo fell 75,000t below its target for 2022. The Sun newspaper reported that Nigeria-based Dangote Cement faced intense competition in the Togo market, leading to the shortfall for the year.

Pakistan: Local cement producers delivered 30.6Mt of cement to customers in Pakistan during the first nine months of the 2023 financial year, down by 15% year-on-year from 36.1Mt in the corresponding period of the 2022 financial year. The Dawn newspaper has reported that producers exported 3.04Mt of cement, 9% of total sales of 33.6Mt. Exports fell by 35% from 4.64Mt, while total sales fell by 18% from 40.8Mt.

The All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association (APCMA) said “Continued political instability, currency devaluation and poor economic conditions are badly affecting all the industrial sectors, including the cement industry.” It continued “Construction activities in both the northern and southern regions of the country have been declining significantly over past months. Employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled labour attached to the construction sector are also in decline.”

Hungary: The government has enacted an 'architecture law' which will increase its role in decision making within the Hungarian cement industry. When it enters force in July 2023, the law will let the government set producers' cement volumes and prices. It will also require the companies to sell their products to the market-leading retail network, and will give the government a right of first refusal over future divestments.

Der Spiegel News has reported that the government previously enacted decrees that further regulated limestone production, imposed 90% 'additional mining levies' and required producers to obtain special permits to export their cement abroad. Duna-Dráva Cement, a subsidiary of Heidelberg Materials and Schwenk Zement, reportedly began making losses on its bagged cement sales due to the new rules. Both Germany-based owners separately received letters inviting them to sell a stake in Duna-Dráva Cement, and thanking them for their cooperation, in 2022. The sender identified themself as the owner of an 'intensively expanding group of companies' with a 'dominant position in the Hungarian building materials industry.' Anti-corruption organisation Transparency International identified the correspondent as a friend of Hungarian President Viktor Orbán.

Regarding the incoming change to the law, a representative of Heidelberg Materials said "These regulations are a total violation of all the rules of the European internal market. It is obvious that the government wants to pressure foreign cement manufacturers to sell.”

Tanzania: Tanzania Ports Authority (TPA) plans to expand the capacity of the 54,000t/yr port of Kasanga on Lake Tanganyika in Rukwa Region. Mbeya Cement Company exports 42,000t/yr of cement via its terminal at the port to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia. The port has been undergoing a US$1.92m upgrade to raise its berths due to rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika since April 2019.

The port of Kasanga generates revenues of US$34,200/yr for the TPA, primarily from Mbeya Cement Company’s export operations.

Vietnam: Thang Thang Cement has despatched a shipment of 55,000t of cement produced at its Ha Nam cement plant to a customer in Central America. Vietnam Investment Review News has reported that Lotus Cement and Commodities Trading Corporation shipped the order from Ho Chi Minh City.

Vietnamese cement producers are reportedly seeking new trade partners due to 'lingering headwinds' in the domestic and global markets.

Greece: Titan Cement Group’s sales rose by 33% year-on-year to Euro2.28bn in 2022, while its earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) rose by 20% to Euro331m. The producer sold 17.2Mt of cement, up by 2% year-on-year from 16.8Mt. Its USA sales rose by 34% to Euro1.31bn, its Southeastern Europe sales rose by 33% to Euro386m, its Greece and Western Europe sales rose by 22% to Euro326m, its Eastern Mediterranean sales rose by 48% to Euro256m and its Brazil-based joint venture Apodi’s sales rose by 38% to Euro115.9m. During the year, the group commenced exports of Type IL Portland limestone cement (PLC) from its Samsun, Türkiye, cement terminal to the US.

Group chair Marcel Cobuz said “The great performance results highlight the group's ability to adapt to market conditions and to activate effective growth strategies, driving positive financial performance mainly in US and Europe, where we serve the majority of our customers and have close to 90% of our sales. They also underscore the group’s resilience, adaptability and commitment of all our great teams to transform the group commercially and technologically while digitising our customer journey and decarbonising aggressively, delivering long-term value to all our stakeholders.”

Egypt: The General Authority for the Economic Zone of the Suez Canal has awarded UAE-based Abu Dhabi Ports Group (ADPG) a contract to operate two cement terminals, at Arish and Port Said. ADPG plans to establish 60,000t-worth of additional cement storage capacity at the Arish cement terminal, and 30,000t-worth of new cement capacity at the Port Said cement terminal. This will give the two Mediterranean ports a combined cement despatch capacity of over 2Mt/yr. The company expects this to double Egypt's cement capacity upon the completion of both projects in late 2023.

Under the contract, ADPG has also gained a 30-year concession over the Safaga Port multi-purpose terminal on the Red Sea coast. It plans to invest US$200m in an expansion to increase the terminal's dry bulk goods capacity to 5Mt/yr. It expects to commission the expanded facility in mid-2025.

Algeria: Groupe des Ciments d'Algéries (GICA) says that it exported 350,000t of clinker produced at its Chlef cement plant over the period between 1 January and 14 March 2023. Local press has reported that the producer aims to export a total of 2Mt of clinker throughout 2023. It is currently on track to reach 1.75Mt, 13% short of its target, but 17% greater than its 1.5Mt exported in 2022. The company despatched the clinker from the ports of Oran and Tenès, to customers in Africa, Europe and South and Central America. It would now like to begin delivering its clinker to Syria and Türkiye in order to help facilitate rebuilding efforts there in the wake of the catastrophic February 2023 earthquake.