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Valentines Day 2015 (14 February 2015) saw the kick-off of India's first round of coal mine auctions - who said that the commercialisation of Valentines Day is a bad thing? For those not following the story, here's a brief summary of the key events that have led to the auctions:

Coal, the main fuel used for cement and power production in India, has been in short supply in recent years due to the shortcomings of state-owned Coal India Ltd (CIL), which produces around 80% of India's coal and owns 90% of its coal mines. In 2013-2014, CIL produced 462Mt of coal, missing a target of 482Mt. Demand is expected to reach 950Mt/yr by 2016 - 2017. Numerous cement plants have had to temporarily cease production due to inadequate coal supplies. This is in spite of India's estimated 302Bnt of coal reserves, more than enough to supply both the power and cement industries. Coalgate indeed!

On 24 September 2014, India's Supreme Court cancelled 214 of the 218 coal blocks that had been allocated since 1993. The blocks were for captive use by the cement, steel and power industries, but the allocation process had been accused of lacking transparency. Of the cancelled blocks, 12 belonged to cement companies. The re-allocation of the cancelled blocks commenced in December 2014, when 36 of the 98 viable coal blocks were allocated. A transparent auction process for 21 of the cancelled blocks for end-usage in power, cement and iron production started on 14 February 2015. In March 2015, a further 23 blocks will be auctioned. CIL was requested to steer clear of the bidding by the Indian government.

Reliance Cement and Jaiprakash Associates, as well as Aditya Birla Group's Hindalco Industries, have all won coal mines during the first three days of bidding. Prices ranged from US$22.5/t to US$45.9/t. UltraTech Cement and JSW Cement both placed bids, but have so far been beaten by rivals. There are still many opportunities for cement producers to win coal mines, although whether the locations are suitable is another matter.

With captive coal mines in hand for India's luckiest cement producers, fuel shortages should become a problem of the past. As India's coal-fired power companies are also bidding fiercely in the auctions, power supplies throughout the country should become more reliable. However, one only needs to look at Afghanistan's Ghori I cement plant to see that having a captive coal mine is not always the answer to fuel shortages; due to internal disputes and poor mining equipment, its coal mine production is poor and the plant operates only intermittently. Hopefully, any cement companies new to coal mining will invest in equipment wisely and ensure an efficient supply chain. As with any large purchase, or indeed Valentines Day, India's coal mine auctions are very much a case of caveat emptor...

France: Lafarge has reported that during the fourth quarter of 2014, its sales were up by 2% year-on-year to Euro3.21bn, its earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) were down by 4% to Euro679m and operating income fell by 8% year-on-year to Euro450m. In the entirety of 2014, Lafarge's sales were down by 2% year-on-year to Euro12.8bn, EBITDA was down by 3% to Euro2.72bn and operating income fell by 3% to Euro1.88bn.

"2015 will be an exceptional year for Lafarge. Over the past few years, we have undertaken a structural and fundamental transformation. We have focused on our customers, promoted innovation and reshaped our portfolio to concentrate on fast growing market segments," said Bruno Lafont, chairman and CEO of Lafarge. "In 2014, we completed our 2012 - 2015 cost reduction and innovation objectives a full year ahead of schedule, supporting our solid operating results. Lafarge is now perfectly-positioned to best benefit from upswings in any and all of its markets in an economic environment that, while remaining volatile, will be more favourable in 2015. I am confident that we will drive significant growth of our results and we do expect EBITDA of Euro3 – 3.2bn in 2015."

Cement sales volumes were up by 4% in 2014 thanks to continued growth in most emerging markets and the US, the benefit from innovation actions and the start-up of new plants in India and Russia. Lafarge delivered its 2014 cost cutting and innovation target, generating Euro600m in 2014, Euro370m from cost cutting and Euro230m from innovation. Net debt was further reduced to Euro9.3bn as of 31 December 2014.

Overall, Lafarge sees cement demand increasing in 2015 by 2 – 5% year-on-year, predominantly driven by growth in emerging markets. Cost inflation in 2015 should continue, at a slower pace than in 2014 given the recent changes of fuel oil prices. Lafarge has confirmed its target to generate at least Euro1.1bn of additional EBITDA from its cost reduction and innovation measures in 2015 - 2016. Its capital expenditures in 2015 will be limited to Euro1.1bn. Net debt should be reduced to Euro8.5 – 9bn by 31 December 2015.

Canada: The Cement Association of Canada (CAC) has welcomed the British Columbia government's efforts to improve the Province's carbon tax. The British Columbia Carbon Tax is applied only to domestically-produced cement, while imported cement from the US and Asia is exempt, resulting in a net loss to the British Columbia economy. With local manufacturers facing higher costs under the carbon tax, cement imports from jurisdictions without a carbon policy have risen significantly.
The proposed 'transitional incentives,' of US$22m paid over a three year period, to encourage the British Columbia Cement industry to adopt cleaner fuels and further lower emission intensities will assist the current inequality that the industry faces as a result of imports coming from the US and Asia into British Columbia with no carbon tax applied. The cement industry has been working with the British Columbia government and other stakeholders for many years to find a win-win solution to protecting jobs, economic development and the environment.

"British Columbia produces some of the highest quality cement in the world, so the change makes sense both for the environment and for the Province's continued economic prosperity. British Columbia cement is a strategic commodity and a key component of concrete, which is essential to the implementation of the government's ambitious plan for infrastructure development," said CAC president and CEO Michael McSweeney.

"This incentive will help level the playing field for domestic producers of cement. It assists our company to ensure that good jobs stay and continue to be created in British Columbia," said Bob Cooper, vice president of Lafarge Western Canada. "Our competitiveness has been threatened by imports for the past five years and the move by the British Columbia government will also ensure that British Columbia has a long-term and secure local supply of made-in-British Columbia cement."

India: On the fourth day of India's coal block auctions, on 17 February 2015, Bharat Aluminium Co bid US$48.5/t to beat rivals Hindalco Industries and UltraTech Cement, among others, to win the Chotia mine in Chhattisgarh. The block has Grade C coal reserves with 1Mt/yr of production capacity. The price of imported coal of a similar grade is around US$72.2/t.

Jaiprakash Power Ventures won the Amelia North coal block in Madhya Pradesh for US$11.4/t, while agreeing to forego the mining cost. The mine has extractable reserves of 2.8Mt/yr and was previously owned by Madhya Pradesh State Mining Corp. OCL Iron & Steel won the Ardhagram mine in West Bengal at a price of US$36.9/t. The mine has extractable reserves of 400,000t/yr.

Canada: Alexandre Rail has been appointed as plant manager of McInnis Cement's Port-Daniel-Gascons plant in Gaspé. Rail brings with him 15 years of experience in heavy industry. He joins the company from ArcelorMittal, where he served as a Steel plant manager for seven years.

"We are pleased with our recruitment of an experienced manager in the heavy industry who shares our values in the areas of health and safety, environment and quality. Rail has proven abilities to mobilise employees," said Christian Gagnon, CEO of McInnis Cement. "Rail's family comes from Gaspé, so he is undoubtedly happy to relocate to that region and eager to contribute its local economic development."

McInnis Cement has also named Mark T Newhart as vice president of Logistics and Distribution and as a member of the company's management team. He will develop an efficient distribution network, with responsibility for transport management and marine terminals. Newhart will report to Jim Braselton, senior vice president of Commerical and Logistics.

"With his 30 years of experience in logistics, which includes 20 years in the cement industry, the addition of Mark to our management team is a major milestone," said Gagnon. "Since our business model is based on marine transportation of our products, Newhart's expertise in transportation and marine terminal management will be beneficial for our organisation."

With Newhart's appointment, McInnis Cement's management team is now complete. It comprises: Christian Gagnon as CEO; André Racine as senior vice president of Corporate Development and Legal Affairs; Jim Braselton as senior vice president of Commercial and Logistics; Gaétan Vézina as senior vice president of Operations; Claude Ferland as CFO; Mark T Newhart as vice president of Logistics and Distribution; Marc Lachapelle as senior director of Human Resources; Maryse Tremblay as director of Communications and Corporate Social Responsibility. McInnis Cement has also announced the relocation of its corporate office in downtown Montreal.

Trinidad & Tobago: Cemex has struck a deal with the board of Trinidad Cement Limited (TCL) that will allow Cemex to increase its stake in TCL to at least 35%, with the option to add another 5%.

Cemex SAB de CV currently owns 20% of TCL, the maximum that was allowable per shareholder, through Sierra Trading. It has committed not to seek a stake higher than 40% of TCL under an accompanying deal to an upcoming rights issue. The deal, referred to as a Subscription Agreement, was signed by Sierra and TCL on the same day that TCL's shareholders voted to remove the cap on ownership of TCL shares.

Sierra will take up its full allowable allotment under the rights offer that gives shareholders the option to acquire one additional share for every two held. Some 124,882,568 shares will be available for subscription. If Sierra fails to reach its 35% ownership target at the close of the offer, "Then subject to receiving all required approvals, including shareholder approval, a private placement of TCL shares will be issued in favour of Sierra Trading in an amount that will permit Sierra Trading to achieve a shareholding of 35% of TCL's outstanding shares," said a Trinidad Cement spokesperson. The TCL board, under the leadership of chairman and shareholder Wilfred Espinet, also signed off on an 'exclusive' plan for Sierra to buy up the TCL shares that are not taken up during the rights offer, but under terms where Sierra's stake does not exceed 40% of the publicly traded company.

The ownership structure of TCL is undergoing changes that, according to the board, will facilitate a new debt-restructuring plan under negotiation with creditors. The loan agreements of 2012 that lengthened the maturity profile of the debt by six years were placed on hold by the current board while it negotiated a new deal. Consequently, TCL's US$315m of long-term debt was reclassified as short-term obligations.

Vietnam: The Government of Vietnam has approved the Ministry of Construction's proposal to increase the capacity of two cement plants in Ha Nam and Nghe An Provinces.

The Thanh Liem Cement plant in Ha Nam Province's Bong Lang Commune will be upgraded with an additional 2.3Mt/yr capacity production line, which is expected to open in 2018. Currently, the plant has just one production line with 450,000t/yr of cement production capacity. Nguyen Quang Bay, director of the Thanh Liem Cement plant, said that it was necessary to increase the capacity of the plant in order to fully exploit the limestone resources in the province.

The Song Lam Cement plant, which is currently under construction in Nghe An Province's Bai Son Commune, will now have 4Mt/yr of cement production capacity when complete. Construction on the plant began in February 2015 with investment capital of US$494m. Three production lines will be built by 2020. The first two are scheduled to be put into operation in 2017.

Prime minister Nguyen Tan Dung asked the Construction Ministry to re-examine cement plant projects in the 2011 - 2020 period and forecast market demand, then report it to the Government later in 2015. Cement consumption reached 5.87Mt in January 2015, an increase of 30% compared to January 2014, according to the Construction Ministry's Building Material Department. Domestic cement production currently meets demand, according to the department.
The Vietnam Cement Association predicts that cement exports in 2015 could earn as much as US$1bn via the export of 20 - 21Mt of cement and clinker, a 15% increase in value year-on-year.

Portugal: Portugal's conglomerate Semapa, which owns cement maker Secil and pulp and paper producer Portucel, has posted a 23% fall in its 2014 net profit due to tax adjustments and a financial loss. Semapa's net profit fell to Euro113m in 2014. Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) fell by 2.6% year-on-year to Euro410m. Total sales rose by 1.5% to nearly Euro2bn, with cement sales up by 5%.

Indonesia: PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa expects sales volumes to grow by 6% in 2015, according to CEO Christian Kartawijaya. The company reported cement sales of 18.8Mt in 2014, up by 3% from 2013. It will invest up to US$391m on capital expenditure in 2015. The company's 14th plant in West Java is expected to start operating in the third quarter of 2015.

India: Following the start of India's coal mine auction on 14 February 2015, in which Reliance Cement won the Sial Ghoghri mine in Madhya Pradesh for US$22.5/t, more mines have now been sold.

On the second day of the auction, 15 February 2015, Reliance Cement lost out on a mine in Maharashtra to Sunflag Iron and Steel, which bid US$28.7/t. Similarly, Aditya Birla Group's Hindalco Industries, which bid US$45.9/t for the Kathautia mine in Jharkhand, beat UltraTech Cement. The mine has 26Mt of coal reserves.

On the third day of the auction, 16 February 2015, Jaiprakash Associates won the Mandla North mine, which has 143Mt of extractable coal reserves, for US$40.3/t. UltraTech Cement and Hindalco Ltd had also placed bids for the mine. B S Ispat won the Marki Mangli III mine in Maharashtra for US$14.7/t, beating several rivals, including JSW Cement. The mine has 4.2Mt of extractable reserves.