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A couple of stories have popped up this week regarding restrictions on cement imports. First, authorities in Taiwan have launched an anti-dumping investigation into Vietnamese cement. Secondly, and perhaps more surprisingly given its growing economy, the authorities in Kyrgyzstan are planning to ban overland imports of cement from within Central Asia. More on that later…

First, to the Far East, where Taiwan’s Trade Remedies Authority has launched an anti-dumping investigation into cement and clinker imported from Vietnam. It will assess imports covering the year from 1 July 2023 to 30 June 2024 and target seven specific Vietnamese cement producers among others. The Vietnamese companies are mandatory respondents – they will be compelled to answer investigators’ questions.

Vietnamese cement has long been among the cheapest in the region due to the country’s drive to hit production targets, rather than simply meeting demand. The situation has resulted in a vast amount of cement available for export. This, coupled to Vietnam’s long, indented coastline, makes it easy to ship cement overseas.

Even with export volumes falling by 1.2% year-on-year to 31.3Mt in 2023, around a third of Vietnam’s capacity, this is a massive volume of cement - and it’s only getting cheaper. The average export value of Vietnamese cement and clinker fell from US$46-48/t at the start of 2023 to just US$31-32/t in May 2024, a decline of 30-35%. These changes have been due, in part, to an increase in tax on clinker exports from 5% to 10% on 1 January 2023 and an anti-dumping investigation launched by the Philippines in March 2023. Falling prices and volumes represent a ‘double-whammy’ for producers, several of which have announced that they made losses in the first half of 2024. Vicem’s top management said that challenges also arose at home due to a reduced demand following limited civil engineering projects and a stagnant real estate market.

It is easy to see why Taiwanese cement producers may feel threatened by the prospect of greater volumes of cheap cement on their doorstep. Taiwan only made 4.9Mt/yr of cement in the first half of 2024. With domestic prices in the region of US$65-70/t according to Cement Network, this provides a very attractive margin of US$33-39/t for Vietnamese producers to export to Taiwan. It will be interesting to see how far the country’s authorities are willing to go to protect the country’s producers and whether any anti-dumping policies lead to further falls in the landed volumes of Vietnamese cement.

Meanwhile, 4600km to the west, Kyrgyzstan has announced that it will enforce a six-month road import ban on several types of cement including Portland cement, alumina cement and slag cement. The ban, affecting both cement and clinker, will take effect on 1 October 2024 and last for six months. According to the State Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan, the country saw a 76% year-on-year increase in cement imports – mainly from Iran, Kazakhstan, China and Uzbekistan - between January 2024 and May 2024. The total import volume over the five months was 125,737t. For a country that made just 1Mt over the same period, this is a major change.

The overland import ban is more of a surprise than the Taiwan / Vietnam situation, as Kyrgyzstan recently reported that the North of the country was experiencing a ‘construction boom’ and cement shortages. However, two new plants due to start production in the coming months could help the country out... unless it too would like to export its newly-developed cement production capacity.

And here we arrive at a ‘classic’ impasse. From Pakistani cement in South Africa, to price arguments in West Africa, import bans in Central Asia and Vietnamese cement in Philippines and Taiwan, more and more exporters are finding that their markets are already self-sufficient in cement, with the US perhaps the notable exception. Soon there will be nowhere left for cement to be exported to. Are we at peak cement?

Rwanda: Kenya-based National Cement subsidiary Cimerwa has announced the appointment of Mangesh Verma as its CEO. He succeeds James Oduor, who oversaw the company’s acquisition by National Cement and its acquisition of Prime Cement.

Verma previously served as general manager commercial and operations for Kenya-based food producer United Millers. He previously occupied management positions in various companies in Kenya and India. He has an MBA from Dr RML Avadh University and a bachelor’s in Botany, Zoology and Chemistry from the University of Allahabad, both in India.

Australia: Zeolite, kaolin and metakaolin producer Zeotech has appointed James Marsh as its new CEO, effective from 9 September 2024. Current CEO Scott Burkhart will then transition to chief operating officer. The appointment is intended to support Zeotech’s entry into large-scale production of high reactivity metakaolin for use in cement and concrete.

Marsh is a director of Australian Kaolin. He previously worked as executive director sales and marketing at Andromeda Metals, after holding managerial roles at multiple minerals companies. He has a bachelor’s degree in Chemistry and Physics from the University of the West of England, UK.

Managing Director Peter Zardo said "James' technical experience in the industrial mineral and cement industries, especially metakaolin, will be pivotal in accelerating Zeotech's goal of becoming a significant supplier of premium supplementary cementitious materials. Queensland-based leadership is critical to achieving the Company's objectives as we ramp up work programmes and industry engagement, and James will play an essential hands-on role in executing Zeotech's strategy."

James Marsh said "I'm excited to join Zeotech at a crucial stage of the company's strategy, where I can utilise my experience and connections to make it a significant player in decarbonising the construction industry."

Switzerland: Holcim has entered a partnership with Kibag and Oxara for the production and distribution of Oxacrete Oulesse, a cement-free binder developed by Oxara. This new product reportedly aims to supply up to 10% of Switzerland's annual concrete market. Oxacrete Oulesse is made with materials from deconstruction, offering a low-carbon alternative to traditional cement.

Kenya: Mombasa Cement will build a 20MW power plant at its Vipingo plant in Kilifi County, to help reduce energy costs. The US$19.4m project will generate 10MW of electricity using a waste heat recovery system and 10MW from solid fuels. The waste heat will be recovered from flue gases emitted during cement production. The plant has two clinker production lines. The power generated will be used onsite to support cement production.

India: JSW Cement plans to more than double its cement grinding capacity from 20.6Mt/yr to nearly 41Mt/yr. The expansion involves six new greenfield units in Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha and Maharashtra, and a brownfield unit in Vijayanagar; Karnataka, adding 20.25Mt/yr. The company also aims to increase its clinker production capacity from 6.44Mt/yr to 13.04Mt/yr. The new facilities in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh will each contribute 3.3Mt/yr to this expansion. In its offer document, JSW Cement stated that it sees potential in ‘green’ cement products like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and plans to expand its presence in northern and central India.

Philippines: James Hardie has shut down its HardieFlex fibre cement board plant in Cabuyao, Laguna, ending over two decades of operations. The company will cease all commercial operations in the Philippines in the coming months.

Türkiye: Türkiye’s global cement exports declined by 9% to US$2.1bn during the first half of 2024, according to a statement from the Ministry of Trade. In June 2024, exports dropped by 18% to US$336.5m. However, Türkiye's cement exports to Azerbaijan remained steady at US$24.8m during the first half of 2024. In June 2024, exports to Azerbaijan rose by 16.5% year-on-year to US$3.5m. Since the first half of 2023, Türkiye exported cement products valued at US$4.3bn.

Philippines: First Gen will supply electricity from geothermal sources to Holcim Philippines plants in Mindanao. Under the agreement, First Gen subsidiary Energy Development will provide 22% of the energy needs for Holcim's manufacturing facilities in Bunawan, Davao City, and Lugait, Misamis Oriental. This partnership is enabled by the Mindanao introduction of the retail competition and open access programme, allowing significant power consumers to select their electricity suppliers. Earlier in August 2024, Holcim announced an electricity supply agreement with Alsons Power to supply 80% of the energy needs for the two facilities.

First Gen president and chief operating officer Francis Giles Puno said "We are pleased to partner with Holcim Philippines to grow viably while decarbonising. It's not an easy journey to decarbonise and provide for a regenerative future. This requires collaboration not just through supplying power, but also through solutions that maximise and optimise electricity requirements and working to find a pathway towards net zero."

US: Fortera has raised US$85m in a funding round to increase its production of ‘low to zero-carbon’ cement, Bloomberg reports. New investors include Wollemi Capital, Saint-Gobain venture capital arm NOVA, Presidio Ventures and Alumni Ventures, alongside existing investors Khosla Ventures and Singapore state fund Temasek.

The startup, valued at US$355m, utilises a technology that captures CO₂ emissions from traditional cement production and converts them into a mineral form for low-carbon cement. Fortera's first industrial ‘green’ cement plant operates at CalPortland's facility in Redding, California.