- Written by Peter Edwards, Global Cement Magazine
This review looks at the cement industries of the five countries across the north of Africa; Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. In the past two years each country has experienced political protests with revolutions occurring in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. Short- to medium-term development prospects have been damaged in some countries as a result, with instability still affecting development, and hence construction, to different extents. The countries' comparatively old and inefficient cement capacity is in some cases struggling to adapt to altered demand levels, although reasons to hope for future increases in demand remain.
- Written by Peter Edwards, Global Cement Magazine
Costa Rica, literally meaning 'Rich Coast', is a small democratic country, sandwiched between Panama to the south east and Nicaragua to the north west. Part of the Spanish Empire until 1812, the country has had a more stable past in recent times than many of its neighbours, which has allowed steady economic growth.
Economy and cement market
Costa Rica has one of the largest economies in Central America1 and is a consistent high performer in the region in terms of its Human Development Index.2 It has achieved a considerably higher human development rating than countries with comparable incomes. In 1949 Costa Rica took the dramatic decision to abolish its army. Its neutrality and track-record of diffusing tension in neighbouring countries sometimes earns it the nickname 'Switzerland of Latin America'.
- Written by Peter Edwards, Global Cement Magazine
The Central American countries and those of the Caribbean archipelago have a rich and varied history, evident today in their different political systems, languages and cultures. The region has been heavily influenced by cultures from sub-Saharan Africa and the European powers of Spain, Great Britain, France and the Netherlands, who colonised the region from the 1500s onwards. Many of the countries' modern economies rely on exports of primary resources (such as foodstuffs) and tourism, especially in the Caribbean, although many countries now take a significant income from the services sector.
The region's cement industries are predominantly local but can have complex trading patterns. Many nations are too small to support integrated facilities and import from larger neighbours. Indeed, only 13 of the 32 territories covered in this review have integrated cement plants. Here Global Cement Magazine looks at 12 of those 13 producers. Costa Rica is covered in more detail here.
- Written by Najran Cement Company
Najran Cement Company (NCC) was established in 2005 as a Saudi Closed Joint Stock Company with a paid up capital of US$306m. The objective was to be a main supplier of cement in the southern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and be an important exporter to Yemen. It was anticipated that locating the plant and facilities close to Najran city would greatly contribute to the fast development of the region. The company has a quarry license from the Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals for an area of 30km2 that is endowed with huge deposits of limestone, clay, sandstone and gypsum - sufficient for more than 100 years.
NCC was initially planned as a single integrated unit of 6000t/day of clinker at Sultana, around 240km north east of Najran at the tip of the Empty Quarter desert. As the project moved along a decision was taken to expand the clinker plant to 9000t/day by adding one more line of 3000t/day at Sultana to make full use of the vast raw material deposits. This was supplemented by a standalone grinding unit of 2.0Mt/yr at Aakfa, 70km to the west of Najran on the main highway to Asir region.
- Written by M D Mirolli, Recurrent Engineering LLC & T B Gibbons, Consultant in materials technology
In this article the opportunities to recover useful energy from various sources of low-grade heat are considered in the context of the advantages offered by the Kalina Cycle® technology. In the Kalina Cycle, a binary fluid is used to extract useful work from the heat source. Typical low-grade heat sources are those associated with waste heat from industrial processes such as steelmaking and cement manufacturing that are energy intensive and where waste heat recovery can make a significant impact on energy-efficiency.
The various Kalina Cycle systems now operating worldwide are briefly described and the critical operating parameters are considered in the context of the basic principles underlying the technology associated with the use of ammonia-steam as the working fluid. The performance of the materials used in the manufacture of the various components in a Kalina Cycle system is assessed and the relevance of the potential degradation mechanisms is briefly described. It will be shown that the technology has now advanced to the stage where high availability can be achieved routinely in various types of operating environment. The potential to extend application of the Kalina Cycle technology to the recovery of waste heat in the cement industry is outlined.
