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The old saying goes that nothing is certain except for death and taxes. But maybe that should be cement and taxes. Paying your taxes is something most people and companies just get on with, perhaps with some grumbling or perhaps not, but certainly with little press. So two news stories popping up in the same week about cement plants with tax issues is out of the ordinary.

The first concerned Lucky Cement’s battle in Pakistan to keep one of its plants open following accusations of underpaying its taxes. The local tax office tried to shut the Pezu plant down for not paying its property tax. The cement producer hit back with a restraining order from the provincial high court. The second detailed efforts by the Ethiopian authorities efforts to claw back US$10m from a local cement producer accused of deliberately understating its profits. In both cases it’s hard to tell if there is an obvious right or wrong party. Yet if these kinds of stories are hitting the local press headlines then either something has gone wrong or both parties are digging in for a fight.

Looking over a longer time frame two major stories about tax have been doing the rounds over the last year in the industry news. India’s Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a classic example of how cement producers sometimes have to deal with changes to existing regulations. It received another outing this week in the form of the credit agency ICRA’s latest forecast. It explained how the introduction of the new tax, a consolidation of other existing indirect taxes, had slowed production in the second quarter of the Indian financial year in 2017 - 2018.

The other example from a large cement producing country was US President Donald Trump’s cut to federal corporate tax in December 2017. The tax cut was expected to particularly benefit companies that produce materials, like building materials manufacturers. It prompted HeidelbergCement to say in early January 2018 that it expected to see a boost to its profits in 2019. Warren Buffet, the chairman of Berkshire Hathaway and owner of insulation producer Johns Manville amongst other companies, put it bluntly when he said in his 2017 annual report that nearly half the gain of his company’s net worth came from the changes to the US tax system.

Multinational companies, including some cement producers, face issues when dealing with different rules and regulations between the various countries that they operate in. However, sometimes unfairly, sometimes not, large companies also hold a reputation for trying to avoid paying tax.

In this context it’s interesting to look at how LafargeHolcim says it approaches the issue. The company published its tax principles in 2016 where it talks about being responsible and that it, “…accepts tax as a necessary and required contribution to society.” It then talks about the necessity of transparency and good relationships with tax authorities. The same year it declared a total tax bill of Euro726m versus total sales revenue of Euro23bn. By contrast Cemex UK in its tax strategy talks about how it follows the US Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002, which applies a more stringent international accounting and auditing standard. It feels far more honest when it says that it aims to minimise the tax burden upon its shareholders by using methods outlined by the UK government. Taxes may be a certainty but nobody wants to pay a penny more in taxes than they have to.

Brazil: InterCement has appointed Paulo Eduardo Nigro has its chief executive officer (CEO). Paulo Nigro has acted as CEO in several countries including the US, Italy, Canada and Brazil. The company has also appointed Nicolas Fournier as a new non-executive member of its board of directors.

Nigro started his career as an engineering trainee at Philips in 1981, after which he joined Goodyear, working in industrial and automotive engineering. In 1991 he joined Tetra Pak as a sales manager for the Northeast region of Brazil, which he left to assume the vice presidency of the packaging division of its Canadian subsidiary. In 2001, Nigro was appointed president of Tetra Pak Italia, eventually taking on responsibility for Western Europe. In 2007, he returned to Brazil as president for the local and the Paraguayan markets, while at the same time leading Tetra Pak Latin America operations. He also took the leadership of Tetra Pak for the Americas, moving to Dallas, US where he joined the global top management team of the company. In 2014 Nigro was appointed president of Aché Laboratórios, in Brazil.

Nicolas Fournier holds 25 years of international experience in different industries in Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and Middle East. With 20 years of global experience on the cement industry, working for Lafarge Group, he acted as CEO of Lafarge Boral Gypsum Asia and was the regional president of Lafarge for Central Europe. More recently, Fournier served as the Managing Director for Energy Solutions Division at Aggreko, UK.

Saudi Arabia: Badr Jawhar has resigned as the chief executive officer of Najran Cement for personal reasons.

In a separate announcement, Najran Cement has appointed Turki Bin Ali Al Shanifi to its board of directors. Turki Bin Ali Al Shanifi holds a degree in Computer Science, specialising in Information Systems and has over 20 years of experience in working with private sector companies in leadership positions. His appointment follows the resignation of Abdulwahab Bin Saud Al Babtain as an independent member of the board.

Algeria: ETHRB Group has ordered an integrated cement plant from FLSmidth for a site at Relizane. The order has a cost of over Euro100m and it includes engineering, equipment supply, construction supervision, commissioning, and training. The deal comes from a partnership between FLSmidth and Beijing Triumph International Engineering Company, a subsidiary of China National Building Material Group Corporation, which will be responsible for the construction of the cement plant. The plant will mainly supply cement to the North African market. Once completed, the cement plant will have a capacity of 12,000t/day. Commissioning is scheduled for late 2020.

“This order underlines FLSmidth's strength as the leading supplier of the most productivity-enhancing solutions and energy-efficient equipment and technology available in the market today. It marks the culmination of a close collaboration between the customer and FLSmidth and demonstrates our ability to work with contractors from anywhere in the world based on our experience and competencies from the cement industry, our global presence, and the know-how of our 12,000 employees," said Per Mejnert Kristensen, Group Executive Vice President, Cement Division.

The scope of supply includes: two EV 200x300 Hammer Impact Crushers; one additive crusher; two circular storages; one longitudinal storage; two ATOX raw mills; two CF-silos (Ø18m x 52m); two preheaters (two string ILC, five stages); two kilns (5.25m x 62m); two Cross-Bar coolers (16m x 50m); a clinker silo (Ø 60m x 46 m); three OK61-4 cement mills; four cement silos (ø22x52 m); and six packing lines.

Vietnam: Vicem (Vietnam Cement Corporation) Hoang Thach Cement has ordered a type LM 59.3+3 CS vertical roller mill for the Hoang Thach cement plant in Hai Duong province. The mill has a transmission power of 6200kW and it is able to grind 250t/hr of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to a fineness of 3600 Blaine. Commissioning is scheduled for later in 2018.

The scope of supply also includes an external reject system, dedusting equipment, a material conveying system and multi-chamber silos with two packaging systems downstream. The system is equipped with a LOMA LF20 heater run on heavy oil, which produces around 30,000Nm³/hr of hot gas at a temperature of 450°C. In addition, Loesche is supplying the equipment for the power supply and distribution and the grinding plant control. A particular challenge of the project has been supplying new equipment for an existing plant with limited space.

US: CarbonCure has demonstrated an integrated CO₂ capture and utilisation (CCU) process from cement for concrete production in January 2018 at Cementos Argos’ Roberta plant in Calera, Alabama. The consortium - comprising Carbon Cure, Sustainable Energy Solutions (SES), Praxair, Cementos Argos and Kline Consulting - says it is the world’s first project to collect cement kiln CO₂ for subsequent utilisation downstream in concrete production and construction.

CO₂ emissions from the Roberta cement plant were captured by SES’ Cryogenic CO₂ Capture technology, transported by Praxair and reused in Cementos Argos' Glenwood, Atlanta concrete operations equipped with CarbonCure's CO₂ utilisation technology. The concrete manufactured with the waste CO₂ from the Roberta cement plant was then used in a local construction project in the greater Atlanta area. Design partners and fellow members of CarbonCure’s Carbon XPRIZE team such as LS3P Architects, Uzun + Case Structural Engineering, and Walter P Moore Structural Engineers completed the end to end integrated solution by creating demand for CarbonCure concrete products in the marketplace. Kline Consulting oversaw the commissioning and reporting of the industrial demonstration.

The project was an extension of Team CarbonCure's participation in the US$20m NRG COSIA Carbon XPRIZE Challenge, which incentivises and accelerates the development of integrated CCU technologies and new markets that convert CO₂ emissions from coal and natural gas power generation into valuable products.

Mexico: Elementia’s sales benefitted from its Mexican cement business in 2017. Its net sales rose by 35% year-on-year to US$1.37bn in 2017 from US$1.02bn in 2016. Its earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) increased by 24% to US$236m from US$191m.

Highlights of the company’s year included integrating Giant Cement’s assets into the company, the start-up and allocation of additional volume from the cement plant in Tula, Mexico and the expansion of the cement division in Costa Rica through the installation of a grinding plant that is expected to start operations towards the end of the first half of 2018.

Elementia’s Mexican cement division sales rose by 44% to US$236m from US$164m. However, the sales of its US division fell by 7% to US$231m from US$249m. The company blamed this on the year being a ‘transitional’ period where it conducted regular maintenance works that interrupted production.

Peru: UNACEM is considering buying local engineering company ARPL Tecnología Industrial, according to the Gestion newspaper. The plans will be discussed at a forthcoming shareholders meeting in late March 2018. ARPL Tecnología Industrial is an engineering company that specialises in the cement industry. It has operated for over 50 years. It offers consultancy services, and technical assistance, development and project engineering managing services, as well as analysis and physical chemical tests and computer services.

Ethiopia: The Ethiopian Revenues & Customs Authority (ERCA) says that Chinese company Inchini Bedrock Cement owes it US$10m for alleged tax evasion. The cement producer has declared a loss for five of the seven years it has been in operation, according to the Addis Fortune newspaper. However, ERCA’s Large Taxpayers Office (LTO) has refuted these claims and, following an audit, says that Inchini Bedrock had failed to keep records of the raw materials and finished products in stock. The investigation was triggered following the discovery of documents relating to Inchini Bedrock whilst ECRA was looking at another case.

Inchini Bedrock Cement employs 265 employees, including 22 foreign nationals. However, it appears to have no manager or representative at present, except for the head of the expatriate department, according to sources quoted by Addis Fortune. The manager of the company left Ethiopia in late 2017 due to medical reasons. The plant had a cement production capacity of 0.3Mt/yr when it opened in 2012.

Rwanda: Cimerwa plans to upgrade its Bugarama cement plant in Rusizi District of Western Province. The project is intended to increase the plant’s production capacity and to target demand locally and abroad, in particular infrastructure development, according to the New Times newspaper. However, the subsidiary of PPC has not disclosed how much it is spending on the project. Upgrade work will start in March 2018 and end in April 2018.

At present the 0.6Mt/yr plant has a 65% production utilisation rate. The company expects to reach full capacity in mid-2019, although it claimed in 2017 that it would be able to do this by mid-2018. In 2017 the company sold 0.38Mt of cement, with 10% exported to Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi. The plant imports most of its coal from Malawi and Tanzania.